Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider American (1915-1990). Intellectual giant who earned undergraduate degrees in physics, maths, and psychology, and a PhD in psychoacoustics. Helped establish MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1951. Two years later, became director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). In 1962, wrote memo imagining an electronic commons open to all, “the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals”. In other words, the internet.